Opuntia Mill. sec. Hunt 2016

Primary tabs

Opuntia Mill. sec. Hunt 2016

Opuntia Mill., Gard. Dict. Abr., ed. 4: 974. 1754 wfo-4000027003
  • ≡Cactus [unranked] Opuntia L., Sp. Pl.: 468. 1753 syn. sec. Korotkova & al. 20211 wfo-3500004049
      • Type: Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.
  • 1. Korotkova, N., Aquino, D., Arias, S., Eggli, U., Franck, A.R., Gómez-Hinostrosa, C., Guerrero, P.C., Hernández, H.M., Kohlbecker, A., Köhler, M., Luther, K., Majure, L.C., Metzing, D., Müller, A., Nyffeler, R., Sánchez, D., Schlumpberger, B.O. & Berendsohn, W. G. 2021: Cactaceae at Caryophyllales.org – a dynamic online species-level taxonomic backbone for the family. – Willdenowia 51: 251-270. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.51.51208
  • =Terecaulis Berge, Buch der Welt: 91. 1842 syn. sec. Crook & Mottram 19972 wfo-4000037790
  • 2. Crook, R. & Mottram, R. 1997: Opuntia Index Part 3: Nomenclatural note and F. – Bradleya 1997(15): 98-112, 15.
  • =Nopalea Salm-Dyck, Cact. Hort. Dyck., ed. 1849: 63-64, 233. 1850 syn. sec. Hunt 20063 wfo-4000026220
  • –Nopal Thierry ex Rümpler, Handb. Cacteenk., ed. 2: 929. 1885, nom. inval. syn. sec. ??? wfo-40000262194
      • Type: Nopalea cochenillifera (L.) Salm-Dyck
  • 3. Hunt, D.R. 2006: The New Cactus Lexicon. – Milborne Port: dh books, 4. in syn., without description
  • =Opuntia subg. Platopuntia Engelm. in Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 3: 289-290. 1856 syn. sec. IPNI 2000+5 wfo-3500004017
  • ≡Platyopuntia (Engelm.) Frič & Schelle ex Kreuz., Verzeichnis Amer. Sukk. Rev. Syst. Kakteen: 42. 1935 syn. sec. Hunt 20166 wfo-4000030136
  • –Platyopuntia (Engelm.) F.Ritter, Kakteen Südamerika 1: 31. 1979, nom. inval. syn. sec. Hunt 20166 wfo-4000042645
  • 5. IPNI 2000+: International Plant Names Index. – The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries and Australian National Botanic Gardens – http://www.ipni.org., 6. Hunt, D.R. 2016: CITES Cactaceae Checklist. 3rd edition. – published by the author
  • =Ficindica St.-Lag. in Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 70. 1880 syn. sec. Kew 20197 wfo-4000042524
  • 7. Kew 2019: Dataset export of the World Checklist of Vascular Plants database, dated 19 December. – Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens
  • =Phyllarthus Neck. ex M.Gómez, Fl. Cuba: 119. 1914 syn. sec. Hunt 20168 wfo-4000029397
      • Type: Phyllarthus speciosus M.Gómez
  • 8. Hunt, D.R. 2016: CITES Cactaceae Checklist. 3rd edition. – published by the author
  • =Tunas Lunell in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 4: 479. 1916 syn. sec. Kew 20199 wfo-4000039576
  • 9. Kew 2019: Dataset export of the World Checklist of Vascular Plants database, dated 19 December. – Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens
  • =Chaffeyopuntia Frič & Schelle ex Kreuz., Verzeichnis Amer. Sukk. Rev. Syst. Kakteen: 42. 1935 syn. sec. Kew 201910 wfo-4000042512
  • 10. Kew 2019: Dataset export of the World Checklist of Vascular Plants database, dated 19 December. – Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens
  • =Subulatopuntia Frič & Schelle in Verzeichnis Amer. Sukk. Rev. Syst. Kakteen: 10. 1935 syn. sec. Kew 201911 wfo-4000042550
  • 11. Kew 2019: Dataset export of the World Checklist of Vascular Plants database, dated 19 December. – Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens
  • 12. Kew 2019: Dataset export of the World Checklist of Vascular Plants database, dated 19 December. – Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens
  • –Cactodendron Bigelow, Expl. Railroad Mississippi Pacific pt. 1-2: 7. 1856, nom. inval. syn. sec. Kew 201914 wfo-400004911913
  • 13. no combination made, 14. Kew 2019: Dataset export of the World Checklist of Vascular Plants database, dated 19 December. – Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens

Content

Notes

Opuntia is the second-largest genus of the family Cactaceae. As in all species-rich Cactaceae groups, numerous different generic concepts with a varying number of segregate genera have been suggested for Opuntia. Both, extensive splitting (e.g. Backeberg 1966) or lumping into a broadly defined Opuntia were put forward (Rowley 1958; Benson 1982). The first phylogenetic study by Wallace & Dickie (2002) based on the rpl16 intron found Opuntia in the broad sense to be polyphyletic. For the revised generic classification they presented based on their data, they argued for splitting Opuntia, because otherwise further genera (e.g. Pereskiopsis, Pterocactus) were also nested within Opuntia and merging those would make Opuntia a highly heterogenous assemblage. Therefore Wallace & Dickie suggested reinstating the earlier-proposed Opuntia segregates Austrocylindropuntia, Brasiliopuntia, Consolea, Corynopuntia, Cumulopuntia, Cylindropuntia, Grusonia, Maihueniopsis, Miqueliopuntia, Nopalea, Tephrocactus, and Tunilla. Opuntia s.str. was thus restricted to the taxa with flattened stems and reticulate pollen. This concept was entirely adapted by Hunt (2006), and largely by Nyffeler & Eggli (2010). Griffith & Porter (2009), using data from plastid trnL-F and nuclear ITS, found Opuntia in this restricted sense to additionally include Consolea and Nopalea, the clade including all three genera received 100% support, and both Consolea and Nopalea were also supported as monophyletic with 100%. The tree resolution, however, did not allow an immediate conclusion on the delimitation of these genera. Nopalea used to be separated from Opuntia s.str. because it differs primarily in its hummingbird-syndrome flowers. Nevertheless, it was repeatedly found to be nested in Opuntia (Wallace & Gibson 2002; Griffith & Porter 2009; Bárcenas & al. 2011; Hernández-Hernández & al. 2011). Majure & al. (2012) and Majure & Puente (2014) conclusively showed that Nopalea was deeply nested within Opuntia and merely resulted from a pollinator shift to birds within a more broadly, insect-pollinated clade.A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M Although Opuntia s.s. is now well defined, species limits and taxonomy in the group are still problematic, and much systematic work is needed to refine our knowledge of species relationships and how species should be appropriately circumscribed. Majure & al. (2017) suggested that cryptic species exist in the clade, and detailed monographic work will be necessary to properly address this issue across the genus.N,O

Taxon standing

Category B. The genus is monophyletic based on phylogenetic studies that support the clade based on a sufficiently dense or even complete sampling, or support a monotypic genus as a distinct lineage, but do not provide a new taxonomic treatment at the species level. In many cases, older classical taxonomic synopses or a monographic treatment exist for these genera providing a reliable assessment of the species included.

Acknowledgments

Revised by Carlos Gómez-Hinostrosa, Héctor M. Hernández, Matias Köhler and Lucas C. Majure

Bibliography

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B. Benson, L. D. 1982: The Cacti of the United States and Canada. – Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press
C. Bárcenas, R.T., Yesson, C. & Hawkins, J. A. 2011: Molecular systematics of the Cactaceae. – Cladistics 27: 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00350.x
D. Griffith, M.P. & Porter, J.M. 2009: Phylogeny of Opuntioideae (Cactaceae). – International Journal of Plant Sciences 170(1): 107-116. https://doi.org/10.1086/593048
E. Hernández-Hernández, T., Hernández, H.M., De-Nova, J. A., Puente, R., Eguiarte, L.E. & Magallón, S. 2011: Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of growth form in Cactaceae (Caryophyllales, Eudicotyledoneae). – American Journal of Botany 98(1): 44-61. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1000129
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G. Hunt, D.R. 2006: The New Cactus Lexicon. – Milborne Port: dh books
H. Majure, L.C. & R.Puente 2014: Phylogenetic relationships and morphological evolution in Opuntia s. str. and closely related members of tribe Opuntieae. – Succulent Plant Research 8: 9-30
I. Majure, L.C., Puente, R., Griffith, M.P., Judd, W.S., Soltis, P.S. & Soltis, D.E. 2012: Phylogeny of Opuntia s.s. (Cactaceae): Clade delineation, geographic origins, and reticulate evolution. – American Journal of Botany 99(5): 847-864. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1100375
J. Nyffeler, R. & Eggli, U. 2010: A farewell to dated ideas and concepts – molecular phylogenetics and a revised suprageneric classification of the family Cactaceae. – Schumannia 6: 109-151
K. Rowley, G. D. 1958: Reunion of the genus Opuntia. – National Cactus and Succulent Journal 13(1): 3-6
L. Wallace, R. S. & Gibson, A. C. 2002: Evolution and Systematics, pp. 1-21. – In: Nobel, P. S., Cacti. Biology and uses. – Berkeley, California: University of California Press
M. Wallace, R.S. & Dickie, S.L. 2002: Systematic implications of chloroplast DNA sequence variation in subfam. Opuntioideae (Cactaceae). – Succulent Plant Research 6: 9–24
N. Majure, L.C. & al. 2017: Taxonomic revision of the Opuntia humifusa complex (Opuntieae: Cactaceae) of the eastern United States. – Phytotaxa 290(1): 1-65. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.290.1.1
O. Majure, L.C. 2021: Revisions of Cochemiea, Consolea, Coryphantha, Cylindropuntia, Cumarinia, Grusonia, Kroenleinia, Leptocereus, Melocactus, Micropuntia, Opuntia. – In: Korotkova N. & al., Cactaceae at Caryophyllales.org – a dynamic online species-level taxonomic backbone for the family. – Willdenowia 51: 251-270. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.51.51208