Silene

Primary tabs

Silene

Silene L., Sp. Pl.: 416. 1753, nom. cons. sec. Hernández-Ledesma & al. 20151
  • ≡Kaleria Adans., Fam. Pl. 2: 506. 1763 syn. sec. Hernández-Ledesma & al. 20151
  • ≡Corone Hoffmanns. ex Steud., Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 422. 1840 syn. sec. Hernández-Ledesma & al. 20151
  • ≡Oncerum Dulac, Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées: 255. 1867 syn. sec. Hernández-Ledesma & al. 20151
      • Type: Silene anglica L., nom. rej.
  • 1. Hernández-Ledesma, P., Berendsohn, W. G., Borsch, T., von Mering, S., Akhani, H., Arias, S., Castañeda-Noa, I., Eggli, U., Eriksson, R., Flores-Olvera, H., Fuentes-Bazán, S., Kadereit, G., Klak, C., Korotkova, N., Nyffeler, R., Ocampo, G. & Ochoterena, H. 2015: A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. – Willdenowia 45(3): 281-383. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.45.45301
  • =Coronaria Guett. in Mem. Hist. Acad. R. Sci. Par.: 229. 1750 syn. sec. Hernández-Ledesma & al. 20152
      • Type: Coronaria tomentosa A.Braun
  • 2. Hernández-Ledesma, P., Berendsohn, W. G., Borsch, T., von Mering, S., Akhani, H., Arias, S., Castañeda-Noa, I., Eggli, U., Eriksson, R., Flores-Olvera, H., Fuentes-Bazán, S., Kadereit, G., Klak, C., Korotkova, N., Nyffeler, R., Ocampo, G. & Ochoterena, H. 2015: A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. – Willdenowia 45(3): 281-383. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.45.45301
  • =Cucubalus L., Sp. Pl.: 414. 1753 syn. sec. Hernández-Ledesma & al. 20153
  • ≡Scribaea Borkh. in Rhein. Mag. Erweit. Naturk. 1: 591. 1793 syn. sec. Hernández-Ledesma & al. 20153
      • Type: Cucubalus baccifer L.
  • 3. Hernández-Ledesma, P., Berendsohn, W. G., Borsch, T., von Mering, S., Akhani, H., Arias, S., Castañeda-Noa, I., Eggli, U., Eriksson, R., Flores-Olvera, H., Fuentes-Bazán, S., Kadereit, G., Klak, C., Korotkova, N., Nyffeler, R., Ocampo, G. & Ochoterena, H. 2015: A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. – Willdenowia 45(3): 281-383. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.45.45301
  • =Lychnis L., Sp. Pl.: 436. 1753 syn. sec. Kew 20194
      • Type: Lychnis chalcedonica L.
  • 4. Kew 2019: Dataset export of the World Checklist of Vascular Plants database, dated 19 December. – Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens
  • =Viscago Zinn, Cat. Pl. Gott.: 188. 1757, nom. illeg. syn. sec. Hernández-Ledesma & al. 20155
      • Lectotype (designated by Jafari & al. 2020: 3536): Oncerum gallicum (L.) Dulac; Lectotype (designated by Britton & Brown 1913: 627): Silene anglica L., nom. rej.
  • 5. Hernández-Ledesma, P., Berendsohn, W. G., Borsch, T., von Mering, S., Akhani, H., Arias, S., Castañeda-Noa, I., Eggli, U., Eriksson, R., Flores-Olvera, H., Fuentes-Bazán, S., Kadereit, G., Klak, C., Korotkova, N., Nyffeler, R., Ocampo, G. & Ochoterena, H. 2015: A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. – Willdenowia 45(3): 281-383. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.45.45301, 6. Jafari, F., Zarre, S., Gholipour, A., Eggens, F., Rabeler, R. K. & Oxelman, B. 2020: A new taxonomic backbone for the infrageneric classification of the species-rich genus Silene (Caryophyllaceae). – Taxon 69(2): 337-368 https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12230, 7. Britton, N. L. & Brown 1913: Ill. Fl. N. U.S., ed. 2, 2
  • =Oberna Adans., Fam. Pl. 2: 255. 1763 syn. sec. Hernández-Ledesma & al. 20158
      • Lectotype (designated by Ikonnikov 1976: 1199): Oberna behen (L.) Ikonn.
  • 8. Hernández-Ledesma, P., Berendsohn, W. G., Borsch, T., von Mering, S., Akhani, H., Arias, S., Castañeda-Noa, I., Eggli, U., Eriksson, R., Flores-Olvera, H., Fuentes-Bazán, S., Kadereit, G., Klak, C., Korotkova, N., Nyffeler, R., Ocampo, G. & Ochoterena, H. 2015: A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. – Willdenowia 45(3): 281-383. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.45.45301, 9. Ikonnikov, S. S. 1976: – Novosti Sistematiki Vysshikh Rastenii 11
  • =Otites Adans., Fam. Pl. 2: 255. 1763 syn. sec. Hernández-Ledesma & al. 201510
      • Type: Otites cuneifolius Raf.
  • 10. Hernández-Ledesma, P., Berendsohn, W. G., Borsch, T., von Mering, S., Akhani, H., Arias, S., Castañeda-Noa, I., Eggli, U., Eriksson, R., Flores-Olvera, H., Fuentes-Bazán, S., Kadereit, G., Klak, C., Korotkova, N., Nyffeler, R., Ocampo, G. & Ochoterena, H. 2015: A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. – Willdenowia 45(3): 281-383. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.45.45301
  • =Lychnanthos S.G.Gmel. in Novi Comment. Acad. Sci. Imp. Petrop. 14(1): 525. 1770 syn. sec. Hernández-Ledesma & al. 201511
  • 11. Hernández-Ledesma, P., Berendsohn, W. G., Borsch, T., von Mering, S., Akhani, H., Arias, S., Castañeda-Noa, I., Eggli, U., Eriksson, R., Flores-Olvera, H., Fuentes-Bazán, S., Kadereit, G., Klak, C., Korotkova, N., Nyffeler, R., Ocampo, G. & Ochoterena, H. 2015: A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. – Willdenowia 45(3): 281-383. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.45.45301
  • =Hedona Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 1: 286. 1790 syn. sec. Hernández-Ledesma & al. 201512
      • Type: Hedona sinensis Lour.
  • 12. Hernández-Ledesma, P., Berendsohn, W. G., Borsch, T., von Mering, S., Akhani, H., Arias, S., Castañeda-Noa, I., Eggli, U., Eriksson, R., Flores-Olvera, H., Fuentes-Bazán, S., Kadereit, G., Klak, C., Korotkova, N., Nyffeler, R., Ocampo, G. & Ochoterena, H. 2015: A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. – Willdenowia 45(3): 281-383. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.45.45301
  • =Melandrium Röhl. in Deutschl. Fl. Phanerog. Gew. 2: 37, 274. 1812 syn. sec. Hernández-Ledesma & al. 201513
  • 13. Hernández-Ledesma, P., Berendsohn, W. G., Borsch, T., von Mering, S., Akhani, H., Arias, S., Castañeda-Noa, I., Eggli, U., Eriksson, R., Flores-Olvera, H., Fuentes-Bazán, S., Kadereit, G., Klak, C., Korotkova, N., Nyffeler, R., Ocampo, G. & Ochoterena, H. 2015: A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. – Willdenowia 45(3): 281-383. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.45.45301
  • =Alifiola Raf., Autic. Bot.: 24. 1840 syn. sec. Hernández-Ledesma & al. 201514
      • Type: Alifiola dichotoma Raf.
  • 14. Hernández-Ledesma, P., Berendsohn, W. G., Borsch, T., von Mering, S., Akhani, H., Arias, S., Castañeda-Noa, I., Eggli, U., Eriksson, R., Flores-Olvera, H., Fuentes-Bazán, S., Kadereit, G., Klak, C., Korotkova, N., Nyffeler, R., Ocampo, G. & Ochoterena, H. 2015: A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. – Willdenowia 45(3): 281-383. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.45.45301
  • =Ebraxis Raf., Autic. Bot.: 29. 1840 syn. sec. Hernández-Ledesma & al. 201515
      • Type: Ebraxis virgata Raf.
  • 15. Hernández-Ledesma, P., Berendsohn, W. G., Borsch, T., von Mering, S., Akhani, H., Arias, S., Castañeda-Noa, I., Eggli, U., Eriksson, R., Flores-Olvera, H., Fuentes-Bazán, S., Kadereit, G., Klak, C., Korotkova, N., Nyffeler, R., Ocampo, G. & Ochoterena, H. 2015: A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. – Willdenowia 45(3): 281-383. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.45.45301
  • =Evactoma Raf., Autic. Bot.: 23. 1840 syn. sec. Hernández-Ledesma & al. 201516
      • Type: Evactoma stellata (L.) Raf.
  • 16. Hernández-Ledesma, P., Berendsohn, W. G., Borsch, T., von Mering, S., Akhani, H., Arias, S., Castañeda-Noa, I., Eggli, U., Eriksson, R., Flores-Olvera, H., Fuentes-Bazán, S., Kadereit, G., Klak, C., Korotkova, N., Nyffeler, R., Ocampo, G. & Ochoterena, H. 2015: A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. – Willdenowia 45(3): 281-383. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.45.45301
  • =Exemix Raf., Autic. Bot.: 27. 1840 syn. sec. Hernández-Ledesma & al. 201517
      • Type: Exemix grandiflora (Jacq.) Raf.
  • 17. Hernández-Ledesma, P., Berendsohn, W. G., Borsch, T., von Mering, S., Akhani, H., Arias, S., Castañeda-Noa, I., Eggli, U., Eriksson, R., Flores-Olvera, H., Fuentes-Bazán, S., Kadereit, G., Klak, C., Korotkova, N., Nyffeler, R., Ocampo, G. & Ochoterena, H. 2015: A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. – Willdenowia 45(3): 281-383. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.45.45301
  • =Pleconax Raf., Autic. Bot.: 24. 1840 syn. sec. Hernández-Ledesma & al. 201518
  • 18. Hernández-Ledesma, P., Berendsohn, W. G., Borsch, T., von Mering, S., Akhani, H., Arias, S., Castañeda-Noa, I., Eggli, U., Eriksson, R., Flores-Olvera, H., Fuentes-Bazán, S., Kadereit, G., Klak, C., Korotkova, N., Nyffeler, R., Ocampo, G. & Ochoterena, H. 2015: A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. – Willdenowia 45(3): 281-383. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.45.45301
  • =Xamilenis Raf., Autic. Bot.: 24. 1840 syn. sec. Hernández-Ledesma & al. 201519
      • Type: Xamilenis uniflora Raf., nom. inval.
  • 19. Hernández-Ledesma, P., Berendsohn, W. G., Borsch, T., von Mering, S., Akhani, H., Arias, S., Castañeda-Noa, I., Eggli, U., Eriksson, R., Flores-Olvera, H., Fuentes-Bazán, S., Kadereit, G., Klak, C., Korotkova, N., Nyffeler, R., Ocampo, G. & Ochoterena, H. 2015: A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. – Willdenowia 45(3): 281-383. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.45.45301
  • =Uebelinia Hochst. in Flora 24: 664. 1841 syn. sec. Hernández-Ledesma & al. 201520
      • Type: Uebelinia abyssinica Hochst.
  • 20. Hernández-Ledesma, P., Berendsohn, W. G., Borsch, T., von Mering, S., Akhani, H., Arias, S., Castañeda-Noa, I., Eggli, U., Eriksson, R., Flores-Olvera, H., Fuentes-Bazán, S., Kadereit, G., Klak, C., Korotkova, N., Nyffeler, R., Ocampo, G. & Ochoterena, H. 2015: A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. – Willdenowia 45(3): 281-383. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.45.45301
  • =Silenanthe Griseb. & Schenk in Archiv für Naturgeschichte 18: 300. 1852 syn. sec. Hernández-Ledesma & al. 201521
  • 21. Hernández-Ledesma, P., Berendsohn, W. G., Borsch, T., von Mering, S., Akhani, H., Arias, S., Castañeda-Noa, I., Eggli, U., Eriksson, R., Flores-Olvera, H., Fuentes-Bazán, S., Kadereit, G., Klak, C., Korotkova, N., Nyffeler, R., Ocampo, G. & Ochoterena, H. 2015: A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. – Willdenowia 45(3): 281-383. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.45.45301
  • =Polyschemone Schott, Nyman & Kotschy in Schott, Analecta Bot.: 55. 1854 syn. sec. Hernández-Ledesma & al. 201522
      • Type: Polyschemone nivalis (Kir. ex Schult.) Schott, Nyman & Kotschy
  • 22. Hernández-Ledesma, P., Berendsohn, W. G., Borsch, T., von Mering, S., Akhani, H., Arias, S., Castañeda-Noa, I., Eggli, U., Eriksson, R., Flores-Olvera, H., Fuentes-Bazán, S., Kadereit, G., Klak, C., Korotkova, N., Nyffeler, R., Ocampo, G. & Ochoterena, H. 2015: A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. – Willdenowia 45(3): 281-383. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.45.45301
  • =Carpophora Klotzsch, Bot. Ergebn. Reise Waldemar [Klotzsch & Garcke]: 139, t. 32. 1862 syn. sec. Hernández-Ledesma & al. 201523
  • 23. Hernández-Ledesma, P., Berendsohn, W. G., Borsch, T., von Mering, S., Akhani, H., Arias, S., Castañeda-Noa, I., Eggli, U., Eriksson, R., Flores-Olvera, H., Fuentes-Bazán, S., Kadereit, G., Klak, C., Korotkova, N., Nyffeler, R., Ocampo, G. & Ochoterena, H. 2015: A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. – Willdenowia 45(3): 281-383. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.45.45301
  • =Conosilene Fourr. in Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, sér. 2, 16: 344. 1868 syn. sec. Hernández-Ledesma & al. 201524
  • 24. Hernández-Ledesma, P., Berendsohn, W. G., Borsch, T., von Mering, S., Akhani, H., Arias, S., Castañeda-Noa, I., Eggli, U., Eriksson, R., Flores-Olvera, H., Fuentes-Bazán, S., Kadereit, G., Klak, C., Korotkova, N., Nyffeler, R., Ocampo, G. & Ochoterena, H. 2015: A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. – Willdenowia 45(3): 281-383. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.45.45301
  • =Leptosilene Fourr. in Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, sér. 2, 16: 344. 1868 syn. sec. Hernández-Ledesma & al. 201525
      • Type: Silene inaperta L.
  • 25. Hernández-Ledesma, P., Berendsohn, W. G., Borsch, T., von Mering, S., Akhani, H., Arias, S., Castañeda-Noa, I., Eggli, U., Eriksson, R., Flores-Olvera, H., Fuentes-Bazán, S., Kadereit, G., Klak, C., Korotkova, N., Nyffeler, R., Ocampo, G. & Ochoterena, H. 2015: A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. – Willdenowia 45(3): 281-383. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.45.45301
  • =Muscipula Fourr. in Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, sér. 2, 16: 344. 1868 syn. sec. Hernández-Ledesma & al. 201526
      • Type: Muscipula australis Fourr.
  • 26. Hernández-Ledesma, P., Berendsohn, W. G., Borsch, T., von Mering, S., Akhani, H., Arias, S., Castañeda-Noa, I., Eggli, U., Eriksson, R., Flores-Olvera, H., Fuentes-Bazán, S., Kadereit, G., Klak, C., Korotkova, N., Nyffeler, R., Ocampo, G. & Ochoterena, H. 2015: A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. – Willdenowia 45(3): 281-383. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.45.45301
  • =Petrosilene Fourr. in Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, sér. 2, 16: 344. 1868 syn. sec. Hernández-Ledesma & al. 201527
      • Type: Petrosilene saxifragum (L.) Fourr.
  • 27. Hernández-Ledesma, P., Berendsohn, W. G., Borsch, T., von Mering, S., Akhani, H., Arias, S., Castañeda-Noa, I., Eggli, U., Eriksson, R., Flores-Olvera, H., Fuentes-Bazán, S., Kadereit, G., Klak, C., Korotkova, N., Nyffeler, R., Ocampo, G. & Ochoterena, H. 2015: A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. – Willdenowia 45(3): 281-383. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.45.45301
  • =Petrocoma Rupr. in Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7 15(2): 200. 1869 syn. sec. Hernández-Ledesma & al. 201528
      • Type: Petrocoma hoefftiana (C.A.Mey.) Rupr.; Petrocoma hoefftiana (C.A.Mey.) Rupr.
  • 28. Hernández-Ledesma, P., Berendsohn, W. G., Borsch, T., von Mering, S., Akhani, H., Arias, S., Castañeda-Noa, I., Eggli, U., Eriksson, R., Flores-Olvera, H., Fuentes-Bazán, S., Kadereit, G., Klak, C., Korotkova, N., Nyffeler, R., Ocampo, G. & Ochoterena, H. 2015: A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. – Willdenowia 45(3): 281-383. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.45.45301
  • =Anotites Greene in Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1: 97. 1904 syn. sec. Hernández-Ledesma & al. 201529
      • Type: not designated
  • 29. Hernández-Ledesma, P., Berendsohn, W. G., Borsch, T., von Mering, S., Akhani, H., Arias, S., Castañeda-Noa, I., Eggli, U., Eriksson, R., Flores-Olvera, H., Fuentes-Bazán, S., Kadereit, G., Klak, C., Korotkova, N., Nyffeler, R., Ocampo, G. & Ochoterena, H. 2015: A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. – Willdenowia 45(3): 281-383. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.45.45301
  • =Gastrocalyx Schischk. in Izv. Kavkazsk. Muz. 12: 200. 1919 syn. sec. Hernández-Ledesma & al. 201530
  • ≡Schischkiniella Steenis in Blumea 15: 145. 1967 syn. sec. Hernández-Ledesma & al. 201530
      • Type: Schischkiniella ampullata (Boiss.) Steenis
  • 30. Hernández-Ledesma, P., Berendsohn, W. G., Borsch, T., von Mering, S., Akhani, H., Arias, S., Castañeda-Noa, I., Eggli, U., Eriksson, R., Flores-Olvera, H., Fuentes-Bazán, S., Kadereit, G., Klak, C., Korotkova, N., Nyffeler, R., Ocampo, G. & Ochoterena, H. 2015: A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. – Willdenowia 45(3): 281-383. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.45.45301
  • =Charesia E.A.Busch in Trudy Bot. Muz. 19: 182. 1926 syn. sec. Hernández-Ledesma & al. 201531
      • Type: Charesia akinfiewii (Schmalh.) E.A.Busch
  • 31. Hernández-Ledesma, P., Berendsohn, W. G., Borsch, T., von Mering, S., Akhani, H., Arias, S., Castañeda-Noa, I., Eggli, U., Eriksson, R., Flores-Olvera, H., Fuentes-Bazán, S., Kadereit, G., Klak, C., Korotkova, N., Nyffeler, R., Ocampo, G. & Ochoterena, H. 2015: A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. – Willdenowia 45(3): 281-383. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.45.45301
  • =Sofianthe Tzvelev in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 33: 97. 2001 syn. sec. Hernández-Ledesma & al. 201532
  • 32. Hernández-Ledesma, P., Berendsohn, W. G., Borsch, T., von Mering, S., Akhani, H., Arias, S., Castañeda-Noa, I., Eggli, U., Eriksson, R., Flores-Olvera, H., Fuentes-Bazán, S., Kadereit, G., Klak, C., Korotkova, N., Nyffeler, R., Ocampo, G. & Ochoterena, H. 2015: A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. – Willdenowia 45(3): 281-383. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.45.45301
  • =Neoussuria Tzvelev in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 34: 299. 2002 syn. sec. Hernández-Ledesma & al. 201533
  • 33. Hernández-Ledesma, P., Berendsohn, W. G., Borsch, T., von Mering, S., Akhani, H., Arias, S., Castañeda-Noa, I., Eggli, U., Eriksson, R., Flores-Olvera, H., Fuentes-Bazán, S., Kadereit, G., Klak, C., Korotkova, N., Nyffeler, R., Ocampo, G. & Ochoterena, H. 2015: A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. – Willdenowia 45(3): 281-383. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.45.45301

Content

Notes

Generic delimitation has been notoriously controversial (see Oxelman & Lidén 1995 for a review). Some authors have lumped all c. 850 species of the tribe Sileneae (except Agrostemma) in Silene (e.g., Greuter 1995), whereas Tzvelev (2001) recognized 23 genera in Europe alone. Molecular evidence clearly supports separation of Agrostemma, Eudianthe, Petrocoptis, Atocion, Viscaria and Heliosperma (e.g., Oxelman & Lidén 1995; Oxelman & al. 1997, 2001; Popp & Oxelman 2004; Frajman & al. 2009a, b; Greenberg & Donoghue 2011). However, monophyly of Silene, in the sense adopted here, is only rarely supported by individual gene trees. Several studies have identified two major clades (subg. Silene and subg. Behenantha, e.g., Oxelman & Lidén 1995; Oxelman & al. 1997, 2001; Eggens & al. 2007; Erixon & Oxelman 2008; Rautenberg & al. 2012; Aydin & al. 2014), but their relationship to Lychnis is ambiguous. Section Atocion Otth, a small group of annuals from the Eastern Mediterranean appears to be blurring the picture, possibly due to highly elevated substitution rates across the genome (Z. Aydin & al., unpubl. data).A

Bibliography

A. Hernández-Ledesma, P., Berendsohn, W. G., Borsch, T., von Mering, S., Akhani, H., Arias, S., Castañeda-Noa, I., Eggli, U., Eriksson, R., Flores-Olvera, H., Fuentes-Bazán, S., Kadereit, G., Klak, C., Korotkova, N., Nyffeler, R., Ocampo, G. & Ochoterena, H. 2015: A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. – Willdenowia 45(3): 281-383. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.45.45301