Silene
Synonymy
Silene, Sp. Pl. 1: 416. 1753, nom. cons., sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- ≡Viscago, Cat. Pl. Gott.: 188. 1757 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- ≡Kaleria, Fam. Pl. 2: 506. 1763 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- ≡Corone, Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 422. 1840 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- ≡Oncerum, Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées: 255. 1867 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- Type: Silene anglica
- =Cucubalus, Sp. Pl. 1: 414. 1753 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- ≡Scribaea in Rhein. Mag. 1: 591. 1793 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- Type: Cucubalus baccifer
- =Lychnis, Sp. Pl. 1: 436. 1753 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- Type: Lychnis chalcedonica
- =Coronaria in Hist. Acad. R. Sci. Par. 1750, Mem: 229. 1754 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- Type: Coronaria tomentosa
- =Oberna, Fam. Pl. 2: 255. 1763 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- ≡Behenantha in Verh. Naturf. Vereins Brünn 15(2): 130. 1877 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- Lectotype (designated by Ikonn. 1976: 1191): Oberna behen
- =Otites, Fam. Pl. 2: 255. 1763 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- Type: Otites cuneifolius
- =Lychnanthos in Novi Comment. Acad. Sci. Imp. Petrop. 14(1): 525. 1770 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- =Hedona, Fl. Cochinch. 1: 286. 1790 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- Type: Hedona sinensis
- =Melandrium, Deutschl. Fl. (ed. 2) Phanerog. Gew. 2: 37, 274. 1812 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- Type: Melandrium dioicum
- =Lychnis sect. Physolychnis, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts.: 80. 1834 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- ≡Lychnis [unranked] Gastrolychnis in Endl., Gen. Pl.: 974. 1840 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- ≡Gastrolychnis, Deut. Bot. Herb.-Buch: 206. 1841 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- ≡Wahlbergella in Bot. Not. (1843): 143. 1843 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- ≡Physolychnis in Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 14: 41. 1869 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- Type: Lychnis apetala
- =Alifiola, Autic. Bot.: 24. 1840 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- Type: Alifiola dichotoma
- =Ebraxis, Autic. Bot.: 29. 1840 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- Type: Ebraxis virgata
- =Evactoma, Autic. Bot.: 23. 1840 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- Type: Evactoma stellata
- =Exemix, Autic. Bot.: 27. 1840 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- Type: Exemix grandiflora
- =Pleconax, Autic. Bot.: 24. 1840 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- ≡Conosilene in Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon sér. 2, 16: 344. 1868 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- =Xamilenis, Autic. Bot.: 24. 1840 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- Type: Xamilenis uniflora
- =Coccyganthe, Deut. Bot. Herb.-Buch: 206. 1841 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- Type: Coccyganthe flos-cuculi
- =Elisanthe, Deut. Bot. Herb.-Buch: 206. 1841 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- Type: Elisanthe noctiflora
- =Uebelinia in Flora 24: 664. 1841 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- Type: Uebelinia abyssinica
- =Polyschemone in Schott, Analecta Bot.: 55. 1854 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- Type: Polyschemone nivalis
- =Carpophora, Bot. Ergebn. Reise Waldemar [Klotzsch & Garcke]: 139, t. 32. 1862 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- =Leptosilene in Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon sér. 2, 16: 344. 1868 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- Type: Leptosilene inaperta
- =Muscipula in Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon sér. 2, 16: 344. 1868 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- Type: Muscipula australis
- =Petrosilene in Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon sér. 2, 16: 344. 1868 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- Type: Petrosilene saxifragum
- =Petrocoma in Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 15(2): 200. 1869 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- Type: Petrocoma hoefftiana
- =Anotites in Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1: 97. 1904 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- Type: not designated
- =Gastrocalyx in Izv. Kavkazsk. Muz. 12: 200. 1919 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- ≡Schischkiniella in Blumea 15: 145. 1967 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- =Charesia in Trudy Bot. Muz. 19: 182. 1926 syn. sec. Oxelman & al. (2001)
- Type: Charesia akinfijewii
Content
Notes
This circumscription, including around twenty species, is strongly supported as monophyletic (e.g., Popp & al. 2008, Greenberg & Donoghue 2011) with the African Uebelinia nested within. However, its relationships to Silene are not fully resolved (see under Silene).
Generic delimitation has been notoriously controversial (see Oxelman & Lidén 1995 for a review). Some authors have lumped all c. 850 species of the tribe Sileneae (except Agrostemma) in Silene (e.g., Greuter 1995), whereas Tzvelev (2001) recognized 23 genera in Europe alone. Molecular evidence clearly supports separation of Agrostemma, Eudianthe, Petrocoptis, Atocion, Viscaria and Heliosperma (e.g., Oxelman & Lidén 1995; Oxelman & al. 1997, 2001; Popp & Oxelman 2004; Frajman & al. 2009a, b; Greenberg & Donoghue 2011). However, monophyly of Silene, in the sense adopted here, is only rarely supported by individual gene trees. Several studies have identified two major clades (subg. Silene and subg. Behenantha, e.g., Oxelman & Lidén 1995; Oxelman & al. 1997, 2001; Eggens & al. 2007; Erixon & Oxelman 2008; Rautenberg & al. 2012; Aydin & al. 2014), but their relationship to Lychnis is ambiguous. Section Atocion Otth, a small group of annuals from the Eastern Mediterranean appears to be blurring the picture, possibly due to highly elevated substitution rates across the genome (Z. Aydin & al., unpubl. data).