Nepenthes rafflesiana

Synonymy

Nepenthes rafflesiana Jack ex Hook. in Comp. Bot. Mag. 1: 270 (-271). 1835 sec. Cheek & Jebb 2001 wfo-0000381448

Lectotype

Singapore, W. Jack s.n.

(

SING

)

=Nepenthes raflesea Hort., Rev. Hortic.: 130. 1869 syn. sec. Cheek & Jebb 2001 wfo-0001302620

=Nepenthes rafflesiana var. glaberrima Hook.f. in de Candolle, Prodr. 17: 97. 1873 syn. sec. Cheek & Jebb 2001 wfo-00013026121

1. Type: Singapore, Borneo & Sumatra, not located.

=Nepenthes rafflesiana var. nivea Hook.f. in de Candolle, Prodr. 17: 97. 1873 syn. sec. Cheek & Jebb 2001 wfo-00013026172

2. Type: Singapore & Borneo, not located

=Nepenthes rafflesiana var. insignis Mast. in Gard. Chron. n.s. 18: 424, f. 69. 1882 syn. sec. Cheek & Jebb 2001 wfo-00013026143

3. Type: Borneo, not located

=Nepenthes rafflesiana var. nigro-purpurea Mast. in Gard. Chron. n.s. 18: 424, f. 70. 1882, syn. sec. Cheek & Jebb 2001 wfo-00013026164

4. Type: Borneo, not located

=Nepenthes hookeriana H.Low ex Becc., Malesia 3: 3. 1886 syn. sec. Cheek & Jebb 2001 wfo-0001302697

=Nepenthes rafflesiana var. minor Becc., Malesia 3: 3, 11, t. 1: 2. 1886, , , syn. sec. Cheek & Jebb 2001 wfo-00013026155

5. Teijsmann 10910 (not located) Borneo, Pontianak, Sintang

=Nepenthes rafflesiana var. ambigua Beck in Wiener Ill. Gart.-Zeitung 20: 147. 1895 syn. sec. Cheek & Jebb 2001 wfo-00013026096

6. Type: Low s.n. (not located) Borneo, Labuan Isl.

=Nepenthes rafflesiana var. typica Beck in Wiener Ill. Gart.-Zeitung 20: 146. 1895 syn. sec. Cheek & Jebb 2001 wfo-0001302619

=Nepenthes sanderiana Burb. in Flora & Sylva 2: 113. 1904 syn. sec. Cheek & Jebb 2001 wfo-00003814607

7. Type: not located

=Nepenthes hemsleyana Macfarl. in Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 111 (Heft 36): 61. 1908 [The speciﬁc epithet honours Kew botanist William Botting Hemsley (1843 –1924), who described N. macfarlanei Hemsl. in 1905.D]. syn. sec. Cheek & Jebb 2001 wfo-0000382017

Lectotype

Borneo, Sarawak, Lawas River, 1877, F.W.T. Burbidge s.n.

(

K accession no. K00065148

designated by

Scharmann & Grafe 20138

)

8. Scharmann, M. & Grafe, T. U. 2013: Reinstatement of Nepenthes hemsleyana (Nepenthaceae), an endemic pitcher plant from Borneo, with a discussion of associated Nepenthes taxa. – Blumea 58(1): 8-12

=Nepenthes rafflesiana var. alata J.H.Adam & Wilcock in Mal. Nat. J. 44: 32, t. 2. 1990 syn. sec. Cheek & Jebb 2001 wfo-0001302608

Holotype

Borneo, Sabah, Sandakan, Mt Walker FR, 13 Apr 1963, Meijer SAN 35792

(

SAN

)

–Nepenthes rafflesiana var. elongata Hort. in Kew Bull. 1897: 405. 1897, nom. nud. syn. sec. Cheek & Jebb 2001 wfo-00013026109

9. Type: not located

Content

Other sources

Jack, W. 1996 – In: Phillipps, A. & Lamb, A.L., Pitcher Plants of Borneo. 123, f. 66-68

Jebb, M. H. P. & Cheek, M. R. 1997: A skeletal revision of Nepenthes. – Blumea 42(1): 1-106. p 75

Phillipps, A. & Lamb, A.L. 1988: – Nature Malaysiana 13(4). p 14

Clarke, C. M. 1997: Nepenthes of Borneo. – Kota Kinabalu: Natural History Publications. 116, f. 77-80

Tamin, R. & Hotta, M. 1986 – In: Hotta, M., Diversity and Dynamics of Plant Life in Sumatra. – Kyoto: Sumatra Nature Study (Botany), Kyoto University. p 90

Nepenthes rafflesiana var. alata J.H.Adam & Wilcock: Phillipps, A. & Lamb, A.L. 1996: Pitcher Plants of Borneo. f. 68 (as Nepenthes rafflesiana var. alata J.H.Adam & Wilcock)

Danser, B. H. 1928: – Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, sér. 3, 9. p 357

Shivas, R. G. 1984: Pitcher Plants of Peninsula Malaysia & Singapore. – Singapore: Maruzen Asia. p 39

Description

Terrestrial climber 2-6 m tall. Stems terete, those of short stems and rosettes 7-9 mm diam., internodes 0.5-1.5 cm long; climbing stems 5-9(-12) mm diam., internodes (4-)6-12(-17) cm, axillary buds inconspicuous. Leaves papery, distinctly petiolate, leaves of short stems narrowly oblong, (12-)17-37(-45) by (3-)4-7(-11) cm, apex acute or slightly acuminate, base abruptly acute or attenuate; leaves of climbing stems generally smaller, 10-20(-30) by (3-)3.5-5.5(-7) cm; petiole canaliculate, 4-17 by 0.3-0.5 cm (lower leaves), (5-)6-14 by 0.3-0.6(-1.2) cm (upper leaves), the base, in short stems/rosettes, sheathing the stem and clasping it for 2/3-3/4 its circumference, in climbing stems, neither sheathing nor winged, clasping the stem for c. 1/2 its circumference. Longitudinal nerves 3 or 4 (or 5) on each side of the midrib, inconspicuous above. Pennate nerves usually patent, nearly reaching the margin, rarely branched, inconspicuous. Lower pitchers broadly ovoid to subglobose, or ovoid or narrowly ovoid, 8.5-25 by 5.5-9 cm, with two fringed wings, 1-3 cm wide, widest at the base, fringed elements 5-10(-14) mm long, (1-)2-3(-4) mm apart; mouth oblique or horizontal, strongly concave, rising gradually at the rear and tapering to form a more or less distinct column 3-5 cm high and 1-2 cm deep, column apex swollen, the inner surface beset with protruding teeth 3-5 mm long; some pitchers with the mouth horizontal, flat, forming a 90° angle with the vertical column; peristome subcylindrical, but sometimes slightly flattened in the largest pitchers, 4-8(-10) mm wide at the sides, where widest, ribs 0.7-1(-1.5) mm apart, 0.1-0.2(-0.5) mm high, outer edge entire, inner edge about twice to thrice as long as the outer, with straight, conspicuous teeth, 2(-5) mm long; lid orbicular, broadly or narrowly ovate to long elliptic, the first in the smaller globose pitchers, the latter in the largest, narrowly ovoid pitchers, 4-9.5 by 3.2-7.5 cm, apex rounded, truncate or retuse, base shallowly cordate or rounded, lower surface lacking appendages, with two prominent main veins diverging from the base, nectar glands conspicuous, circular, narrowly bordered, 0.3-0.5 mm diam., scattered in a band around the periphery; spur (8-)13-25(-30) by 0.7-1(-2) mm, bifurcate 1-2 mm from the apex. Upper pitchers infundibulate or narrowly infundibulate, rarely subcylindrical, 9-34 by 3-8 cm, lacking fringed wings but with two ridges, mouth oblique, more or less straight, usually rising abruptly at the front, at the rear with a short stout column 1-3 cm high, as in the lower pitchers, peristome cylindrical, 2-8 mm wide, ribs (0.5-)0.75-1 mm apart, 0.2-0.5 mm high, outer edge entire, inner edge with broad short teeth 1(-2) mm long; lid broadly or narrowly ovate, rarely orbicular, trapezoidal, elliptic or obovate, (3.5-)4.2-7(-9) by (3-)3.8-7 cm, apex rounded, truncate, or slightly emarginate, base obtuse to slightly cordate, lower surface lacking appendages, nectar glands conspicuous in a dense band around the periphery, 0.7-0.8 mm diam., sometimes containing 3 or 4 smaller nectar glands; spur 8-12(-26) mm, usually entire. Male inflorescence (12-)18.5-49 by (2-)3.5-4(-5.5) cm; peduncle (5-)6-12 (-17) cm long, 2-3(-5) mm diam. at the base; partial peduncles 1-flowered, rarely mostly 2-flowered, (30-)60-80-flowered; bracts usually absent; pedicels (10-)12-15 (-20) mm; tepals elliptic, (5-)6-7 by 5 mm; androphore 4.5-6 mm long; anther head 1.2-1.5 by 2-2.5 mm. Infructescence (15-)23-35 by 7-11 cm; peduncle (6.5-)12-16 cm long, (2-)3-5 mm diam. at the base; fruits (15-)30-50. Fruits with stipe (3-)4-8 mm long, valves (16-)32-50 by (5-)6-10 mm. Seed filiform, (12-)17-18 by 0.2-0.4 mm. Indumentum of stems, midribs, lower surface of the leaf blade and inflorescences from base of peduncle to lower surface of the tepals white or grey arachnoid, lower leaf surface with minute white stellate hairs; pitcher surface with red sessile glands c. 0.1 mm diam., sometimes with short red simple patent hairs 0.1-0.2 mm long; inflorescence sometimes with admixture of semi-patent brown hairs 0.3 mm long; androphore glabrous. Colour of lower surface of the leaf blade drying brown, upper often yellowish green, stem white. Live lower pitchers generally white, strongly mottled with purplish red, rarely pure white, or white flushed pink; upper pitchers pale green, with peristome striped yellow, green and red; inflorescence with red or brown-red tepals.A

Notes

2. Low created confusion by transposing the names of N. rafflesiana and N. hookeriana in his book Sarawak: its Inhabitants and Productions (1848). This confusion was cleared up by Masters writing in the Gardener’s Chronicle (1881: 812).A

1. Nepenthes rafflesiana is a widespread and variable lowland species often abundant in weedy regrowth at the sides of roads. It can be recognised by its characteristic white arachnoid indumentum, its distinctly petiolate leaves and the manner in which the peristome rises into an extended, and laterally flattened neck, which is broadest immediately below the lid. The lid is often notched or blunt at its apex, and the glands are confined towards the edge. It is not easily confused with any other species, apart from N. sumatrana and N. treubiana (q.v.). Rather rare in mainland Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, but abundant on offshore islands such as the Riau archipelago and Singapore. In northern Borneo it is one of the most abundant species of the genus. A number of striking variants have been described (Phillipps & A.L. Lamb Pitcher Plants of Borneo (1996) 126 ). It has been erroneously reported from New Guinea (J.H. Adam, Wilcock & Swaine J. Trop. For. Sci. 5 (1992) 13-25), due to a misidentified specimen at Bogor.B,C

IPNI (acc. 23 feb 2017) gives the protologue reference as "Malayan Misc. App. Ined. [1823 ?] 21; et in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. (1835) 271. ". Indeed, the (posthumous) publication in Comp. Bot. Mag. is supposed to be a reprint from the "Malayan miscellanies". Part 1 and 2 of the "Descriptions of Malayan Plants" can be found in Vol. 1 (1820) of that publication; an unnumbered subsequent part with the same title in Vol. 2 (1822). These two volumes are accessible on-line under https://books.google.de/books?id=fBYIAAAAQAAJ [acc. 24 Feb 2017]. Neither of them contains Nepenthes. See also note under N. ampullaria. [W. Berendsohn]

Distribution (General)

Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, and Borneo.A

Bibliography

A. Cheek, M. R. & Jebb, M. H. P. 2001: Flora Malesiana - Nepenthaceae, Series I, Volume 15. – Leiden: Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Universiteit Leiden branch

B. Adam, J. H., Wilcock, C.C. & Swaine, M.D. 1992: The ecology and distribution of Bornean Nepenthes. – J. Trop. Forest Sci. 5(1): 13-25

C. Phillipps, A. & Lamb, A.L. 1996: Pitcher Plants of Borneo. p 126

Specimens

Country	Date	Collector + collecting number	Herbaria
	1877	Burbidge, F. W. T. s.n.	K
Citation: Borneo, Sarawak, Lawas River, 1877, F.W.T. Burbidge s.n. (K K00065148) Specimen summary: K K00065148 Preferred stable URI: http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/getImage.do?imageBarcode=K000651485 Lectotype of Nepenthes hemsleyana Macfarl.
	13 Apr 1963	Meijer SAN 35792	SAN
Citation: Borneo, Sabah, Sandakan, Mt Walker FR, 13 Apr 1963, Meijer SAN 35792 Specimen summary: SAN Holotype of Nepenthes rafflesiana var. alata J.H.Adam & Wilcock
		Jack, W. s.n.	SING
Citation: Singapore, W. Jack s.n. Specimen summary: SING Lectotype of Nepenthes rafflesiana Jack ex Hook.